Frameworks
Grammar
Every formal framework drilled in class — BOTA, IDOP, PABN, Ser/Estar, time-telling, plus the 20-question speaking guide.
Ser vs Estar
Both mean 'to be'. Ser = permanent / essential. Estar = temporary / state / location.
Subject Pronouns
The 12 subject pronouns and the 4 'you' forms.
Regular -AR Verbs
Drop -ar from the infinitive, add the endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.
Regular -ER and -IR Verbs
-ER endings: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. -IR endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. Only nosotros/vosotros differ.
Time-Telling
Step 1: Es la (1 o'clock only) / Son las (2-12). Step 2: y for :01-:30, menos for :31-:59 (formal). Step 3: y cuarto / y media / menos cuarto for :15/:30/:45 formal.
Boot Verbs (BOTA)
BOTAStem-changing verbs. The boot shape: every form changes EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros, which stay regular.
PABN — Possessive Adjectives Before a Noun
PABNP.A.B.N. Possessives go BEFORE the noun. They agree with the thing possessed, not the possessor.
IDOP — Indirect Object Pronouns (gustar / encantar / faltar)
IDOPThree verbs (gustar, encantar, faltar) that ONLY conjugate in 3rd person, paired with the 6 IDOP pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les).
Question Words (Interrogativos)
The full set of Spanish question words. ¿Por qué? = why; porque (one word, no accent) = because.
20-Question Speaking Study Guide
Master Q&A study guide that appears throughout the notebook. Memorize the answer pattern for each question.
Adjective Agreement
Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and number. Most go AFTER the noun in Spanish.