Grammar

Both mean 'to be'. Ser = permanent / essential. Estar = temporary / state / location.

The 12 subject pronouns and the 4 'you' forms.

Drop -ar from the infinitive, add the endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.

-ER endings: -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. -IR endings: -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. Only nosotros/vosotros differ.

Step 1: Es la (1 o'clock only) / Son las (2-12). Step 2: y for :01-:30, menos for :31-:59 (formal). Step 3: y cuarto / y media / menos cuarto for :15/:30/:45 formal.

Stem-changing verbs. The boot shape: every form changes EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros, which stay regular.

P.A.B.N. Possessives go BEFORE the noun. They agree with the thing possessed, not the possessor.

Three verbs (gustar, encantar, faltar) that ONLY conjugate in 3rd person, paired with the 6 IDOP pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les).

The full set of Spanish question words. ¿Por qué? = why; porque (one word, no accent) = because.

Master Q&A study guide that appears throughout the notebook. Memorize the answer pattern for each question.

Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and number. Most go AFTER the noun in Spanish.